Although Mongolians had lost their independence and fallen under foreign domination, forces striving for social change and reform emerged; secret groups formed to seek ways to liberate the country from foreign oppression. These included the Consular Group, the Khüree Group, and the Nobles' Group. These groups took every possible measure—such as coordinating their goals and policies, seeking assistance from Soviet Russia, and attempting to assassinate Xu Shuzheng. Baron Ungern entered Mongolia in late 1919, just as the White movement in Russia was being suppressed and the civil war was drawing to a close. During this period—when control of the central government shifted between foreign aggressors and Chinese tyranny gave way to the Baron's regime—the activities of Mongolian revolutionaries intensified, leading to the victory of the People's Revolution in 1921. That same year, Bogd Khan Jebtsundamba was proclaimed a constitutional monarch, and it was announced that state power was vested in the People's Government. In 1924, the first constitution was adopted, and the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed. Officials who steadfastly fought to preserve national independence were condemned and labeled as "Rightists," while Russian influence over state policy intensified and the errors and excesses of the "Leftists" deepened. Consequently, popular uprisings erupted across the country, and people from the southern provinces fled across the border. The flawed policies of the Leftists—which involved curtailing the rights of lamas and confiscating the assets of the feudal nobility—severely undermined the nation's economic foundations.